Speaking activities eslflow. ru/oslmbqke/best-price-pattern-trading-pdf-free-download.

Describing Graphs Language Exercises. Interview Pop. These PDF worksheets are great for classroom and online teaching. “I pick up the book” and “I pick up the book. Mar 16, 2023 · Modals for Probability, Possibility and Advice Listening/Speaking Exercises 1 Modals for advice (with audio and answers) This exercise focuses on modals for advice. Students write sentences about the pictures and then answer questions using gerunds. Of course, it is such an important public health topic that. 3 Present perfect sentence starters. Pronunciation exercises. He is leaving/going home. First, students complete the sentences with the vocabulary at the bottom of the page. It is similar to the passive tense except that forms of the verbs "to have" and "to get" replace forms of the verb "to be". Distribute topics for wall maps to groups of 2 or 3 students. This exercise focuses on words such as manufacture, produce, design, create, develop and produce. Using the pictures as cues, complete the sentences with the correct form of the words “success” or “failure” Click on the image below or the link at the side to download the PDF file. 12 Great Icebreakers to Start a Class. Students have to check/tick their own wishes and walk around the classroom and find 5 classmates who have the same wishes. es Exercise 1: Ranking Exercise - Easter Tradi. Students try to brainstorm the social issues shown in the pictures. Click on the image below or the link at the right. 3 Great Icebreakers to Start a Class. This exercise includes 3 example conversations and one conversation (audio Grammar Exercises and Worksheets. Below, you will find some useful story – non-fiction and fiction – worksheets . Picture matching: matching adjectives to emotions or situations. Dec 27, 2023 · 13 Personality Adjectives/Vocabulary and Listening/Speaking Activities 27th December 2023 A wide range of teaching activities are useful for teaching the vocabulary of personality including: vocabulary-picture matching, personality surveys, word sorting exercises and role plays. 1 Making decisions This is a listening/speaking exercise exploring the language used when making decisions and choices. Learning and understanding the language of money and finance is essential for language learners who want to embark on any kind of business career. This business schedule is for practicing prepositions of time. Preposition Activity 2. Name Yes/No Where/ When/Why?/Why not? take the bus to university play computer games in class watch TV at night go shopping on weekends 2. Mastering the Art of Invitations and Requests 1 Invitations: accepting and refusing (with answers and audio) Students try to complete the invitations conversations using the pictures and the useful vocabulary. Food Restaurant Game. This is a brainstorming/ listening/ critical thinking discussion worksheet for talking about controversial topics. Pre-reading questions are great for reading comprehension because: They orient the reader to the genre, topic and purpose of the text. Academic vocabulary: “success” and “failure”. Understand English Through Famous Food Sayings. After matching the vocabulary to the pictures interview a class mate about a free time activity. Jun 30, 2024 · ESL Listening Activities Guide. com) Basic Ordering Food lesson plan. 7 Replies to “Invitation and Request Dialogues”. Students listen and completer phrases and answer the questions. Or you use the audio and you can have a listening lesson instead/as well. Pictures encourage discussions as individuals interpret images in different ways. First, students match the pictures with the vocabulary and expressions in the middle of the page. 1 Amazing adverbs (with audio and answers) A listening/speaking activity for adverbs. Listening Exercises: Next, listening exercises will help students improve your comprehension skills. Causative Verbs Exercises and Worksheets Causative verbs are used to express the meaning that something is being done by someone for you. 1) Ask them questions about age, nicknames, occupations Aug 11, 2023 · Speaking and Vocabulary Activities for Shopping August 11th, 2023 Shopping is one of those topics that easily engages students if you have good exercises at the right level. Prepositions of time and location can be practiced using calendars and event schedules. Cool Advertising & Branding Vocabulary & Language Exercises. The best way to get ideas for a paragraph or essay is to brainstorm with the aid of a graphic organizer. Students need to decide whether they are pro or con each issue and support their position with three reasons. The first question is: Have you ever broken a bone? Lucas, would you like to answer? Sure! Yes, I have broken a bone. In addition, I like using picture-based exercises which provide context and add critical thinking, and cultural dimensions to the class. Love and romance speaking activity (PDF) . Talking about games (PDF) Customs, lies gestures (PDF) Two Truths and a Lie. The present tense is used for talking about scheduled activities in the future. An answer sheet is included. This can serve as an introduction to a discussion of intercultural communication and body language. This allows them to be more creative and explore any path ESL for the food services sector workbook (132 page PDF) Food Lessons for British Food , Eating Habits Habits & Holidays, Sayings. Indeed, basic financial knowledge is necessary to function in any foreign country or work environment. Click on the image below or the link to download the printable PDF file. Students interview a partner and then write a a paragraph similarities and differences. These days, with image libraries, it is quite easy to find a picture or image to suit 2 Wishes speaking activity. (download PDF) Subscribe to Eslflow Subscribe to get full access to the latest and best resources from eslflow. Talking about trends, fashions and hobbies. Students try to think of positives and negatives for the trend, fashion or hobby in each picture. Of course, some business topics are more interesting than Dec 19, 2023 · The way to teach adjectives is to have a variety of exercises. Share On -. English language learners practice listening to and using modals including “must”, “have to”, “should”, “need to”, “ought to” and “had better”. Step 1. Food (About. If an activity works, the class is much more entertaining, fun and helps students get over their reticence to speak English. Expressing opinions This page focuses on helping students become more expressive by providing them with a variety of exercises and relatable topics for expressing opinions. Everything is so fresh ! They are having a meal/lunch/ dinner. With a variety of audio and video files, these activities provide an engaging experience to help enhance speaking and listening abilities. Pre-Intermediate ESL Topics Cities & lifestyles Plans/predictions Complaints/requests Intercultural communication (body language) Environment Technology Tourism Socializing Movies Imagining Advice/modals Talking about the past with "used to" 3 Love & romance lesson. This helps make the teaching and learning of idioms. This is a useful exercise to help students identify and create topic sentences. Click on the image or the link to download the PDF file. Jobs and Careers Vocabulary and Speaking exercises. There are some examples of questions Daily routines, schedules and other present simple listening speaking activities. Talking about games. Model a short conversation using gerunds and “by” and let pairs of students walk round and look at the wall maps. Sport. First day of class activities for an ESL class. Moreover, pictures and listening exercises help make grammar lessons more entertaining. Click on the image or the link at the right. 6 memorable narrative essay writing practice exercises (PDF) 6 delightful descriptive paragraph and essay writing exercises (PDF) 7 Finding and creating topic sentences. This is an ESL speaking and discussion exercise for practicing language useful for talking about puzzles and games. They are easy to submit, edit and correct Food & eating speaking worksheet. INTRO. Kinds of Collocation and Phrasal Verb Exercises. Job and Career Vocabulary and Speaking Exercises One of the main reasons students learn English is to improve their job and career prospects. Click here for the Brainstorming social issues PDF file. She is sweeping the floor/ She is cleaning the house. Put the students in pairs to read out nouns and test their partners knowledge of prepositions. Story arts. ESL Story Telling Exercises and Worksheet. Family-Related Vocabulary Worksheets 1 Write a conversation exercise: talking about families Talking about the families is another easy topic for dialogue/conversation writing for elementary English learners. Pic Tac Toe a game for reviewing basic tenses. They try to use ed/ing in the conversations: bored/boring, annoyed/annoying, Shopping online listening, speaking and vocabulary; Import/export, logistics and supply chain exercises; Create a conversation; Using comparative adjectives; Gerunds and Infinitives Grammar, Speaking and Listening Activities Talking about success. . Business English Vocabulary and Speaking Exercises and Worksheets Business English can be taught with a variety of techniques. First, students write five survey questions about advertising. Click here for the Academic vocabulary: “success and “failure One Reply to “Family related vocabulary worksheet (PDF)”. elementary classroom surveys. com. A farmer’s wife and her daughter are standing behind a colourful counter displaying produce from their farm. Students then answer the questions at Breaking things worksheet. Delegate a word, phrase, a question beginning, a concept, a topic, or a a grammar component to each student. 8 Business English Vocabulary Exercises. breaking thngs Students try to match the vocabulary at the bottom of the page to the pictures. I really don't like my job. 10 Jobs and Careers Vocabulary and Speaking exercises. (great site) lesson plans etc…. Dec 28, 2023 · 1 Elementary health problems and illnesses vocabulary and listening/speaking worksheet. 4 Online Shopping Listening/Speaking and Vocabulary Exercises. 5 Pair work speaking exercise for prepositions of time and location (business) Here is another excellent speaking exercise which uses a chart format. And my boss gives me so much work. So it makes sense to teach these words business English language students as these words increasingly appear in the media, in writing and in everyday conversations. For this activity, it’ll be the other way around. This is an elementary ESL speaking exercise for talking about trends, fashions and hobbies. Students try to match the vocabulary with the appropriate pictures and write a short sentence for each picture. STEP 2. Elementary Create a Conversation Exercises for Speaking Classes. It is quite fun teaching adverbs with pictures and audio. Elements of Christmas (PDF) 5 First Day Activities for an ESL Class. 7 Essential Speaking Activities for ESL Classes. This is an ESL speaking and writing lesson for talking about clothes, accessories and fashion choices. On the second page, they complete or fill in apprpriate words under the pictures. ESL Listening Activities Guide 6 More expressions for talking to and about people (with answers) Shopping online listening, speaking and vocabulary; Import/export, logistics and supply chain exercises; Create a conversation; Using comparative adjectives; Gerunds and Infinitives Grammar, Speaking and Listening Activities Feb 3, 2024 · A useful vocabulary and speaking activity for talking about plans with “going to”. He is reading the paper and drinking coffee. Viruses and vaccines is a good teaching topic for students studying in the fields of health and the medical sciences. Then they can listen to the audio and compare answers. The students create their own wall maps. Topical news stories, popular historical or fictional stories are a great way to engage students. to download the Pictures can be used to aid almost any ESL teaching exercise including vocabulary exercises, brainstorming exercises, dialogues, role plays, story-telling, and cultural lessons. Download PDF. Idioms and Slang Exercises and Worksheets Idioms and slang are important for language learners as they take students deeper into a language and its corresponding culture. Students use the pictures as cues and complete the speech bubbles. But, I probaly won't quit my job yet, as the money is good, and I love making money. Presentations: useful language worksheet. Nov 15, 2023 · Essential Business English Vocabulary Exercises and Worksheets 15th November 2023 The goal of this page is to help non-native English speakers improve their vocabulary skills and fluency in the language of business. Essential Speaking Activities for ESL Classes. Oct 2, 2019 · 2 Likes and dislikes speaking activity (more advanced) (with possible answers) This is another more advanced version of the above speaking activity. Click here for the Food & eating speaking worksheet PDF file. It also includes answers and audio. After matching the words to the pictures, students could be asked to rank the crimes in order of These exercises engage the students and encourage them to interact. It lends itself to miming activities and exercises using pictures. Students can freely associate ideas to a topic. historical and fun exercises centering about Santa Claus. This is a challenging exercise that can be used to review and assess students’ knowledge of the language and vocabulary for talking about food and eating. The content addresses key aspects of modern work life, including freelancing, digital platforms, work-life balance, and Aug 29, 2019 · Super elementary speaking activities are a really good way to get students speaking at a low level. (download PDF) Related Cultural Resources: 5 intercultural Business English Speaking and Listening Skills Worksheets for the 2020s. Students choose one person they want to interview. It can be anybody of their choice, and the person doesn’t necessarily have to be alive still. 1 Causative 2 Brainstorm worksheet cluster diagram. 5 Elementary Conversational Expressions Exercises. Step 2. Verbs for food preparation and cooking (PDF) Verbs for food preparation. Popular ESL Lessons for Money and Financial Topics. 1 This is my favourite stall at the local market. Making Decisions and Choices: Language for Critical Thinking in English This page is dedicated to providing resources and exercises that will equip students with the necessary language and vocabulary to effectively use language for making decisions and choices. The vocabulary can serve as an icebreaker or introduction into the religious, cultural and moral aspects of Christmas. In addition, you will receive the latest, and best resources. Shopping online listening, speaking and vocabulary 1 Elements of online shopping This is a listening. I can never make up my mind. I have tried to give a sample of some useful vocabulary exercises and worksheets below. 10 Computing, New Technology and Internet Vocabulary and Speaking Activities. Hand out a slip of paper to each student. Draw a circle on the board And elicit ways of learning artistic appreciation. Finally, students write and ask each other questions . The exercises below use pictures, matching It complements group work and helps build relationships between students. 5 Elementary Create a Conversation Exercises for Speaking Classes. Or put the nouns on flash cards and get the students to walk round flashing their. Audio listening/speaking exercises help give a better feel of the context. Do you…. Students match the phrases on the left to the appropriate pictures Finally they can have a conversation using the questions at the bottom of the page as a guide. And I have to work overtime. 5. Students label the situations shown in the pictures and complete the short conversations using the pictures as cues. ons Around the World Instruc)ons: Read the following descrip)ons of Easter tradi)ons and rank them from 1 to 5 based on your personal interest, with 1 being the most interes)ng and 5 being the least interes)ng. Question Time: Prep for the Real Work. This is a sentence starter exercise which attempts to cover many of the variations of the usage of the present perfect tense. He is taking a shower. Students need to use their critical thinking skills to interpret the pictures and describe each person’s likes and dislikes. classroom language. This is a brainstorming and academic essay planning worksheet for students writing essays. speaking and discussion exercises relating to families and attitudes to Christmas. Discuss your rankings with a partner and compare your choices. 1 Brainstorming changes in life and society This is a brainstorming activity to explore which changes in life and society are most important in students’ lives. This exercise is a great icebreaker and introduction to the past tense. Money. Click on the image below or the link to download the PDF file. Crime and illegal activities vocabulary 1 (with answers) Students look at the pictures and match the them with the vocabulary. STEP 1. Money lesson plans - Eslflow. ”). Students need to decide whether they are pro or con each issue and support their position with three reasons Click on the image below or the link to download the PDF file. Students write the problems and Art and Architecture Language Exercises and Worksheets. What bone did you break? I broke my arm when I played basketball last year. 1 Daily Activities Speaking Activity Dec 14, 2023 · 11 Elements of Christmas vocabulary (with answers) In this Christmas vocabulary exercise students match the Christmas related words and phrases to the pictures. The exercises below are designed for teaching ESL students in the 2020s, focusing on contemporary work trends such as the gig economy and hybrid work. It also works really well as an online listening assignment. to download the printable PDF file. The apples are big and red, the pumpkins are orange and the bread looks delicious. Ed/ing Adjectives Exercises Using Picture Cues 1 Ed/ing adjectives exercise (with possible answers) Students practice using ed/ing adjectives by looking at the pictures and writing sentences. Super Elementary Speaking Exercises. 10 Really! Elementary ESL classroom icebreakers. (download PDF) 4 Plans, predictions and schedules ( with audio and answers) Expanding on the above, this exercise includes another instance when the future tense is used: schedules. This is a great one for students to have fun and be creative. Ask the questions below or think of your own ideas for the blank boxes. Talking about games This is an ESL speaking and discussion exercise for practicing language useful for talking about puzzles and games. However, this topic rapidly becomes quite difficult as there is a wide range of vocabulary. (download PDF) Business English Speaking Skill Worksheets Other resources 5 Cool Advertising & Branding Vocabulary & Language Exercises 10 Jobs and Careers Vocabulary and Speaking exercises 4 Money and Finance Worksheets 10 Computing and Learning/gerunds. Then they ask and answer questions about the different celebrations and festivals. Christmas Lesson Plans Christmas is an interesting teaching topic which can be taught from a variety of different angles including: language and story exercises focusing on Christianity and the story of Jesus. Icebreaker in a Foreign Country (PDF download) For this icebreaker you need to do a little bit of research beforehand. Today, we're going to be doing, a question and answer speaking exercise, using the present perfect, and past tenses. com Daily Activities Speaking Activity Talk to as many people in the class as you can. Cultural language lessons exploring art and architecture are a great way to get students from different cultures interacting. Likes/dislikes exercises. There are several types of nouns, including proper nouns, common nouns, concrete nouns, and abstract nouns. Learn a little about your students from someone who knows, perhaps another teacher or someone working in the school or organization. (download PDF) Aug 26, 2019 · 9 Super Elementary Speaking Exercises. Surveys, interviews, questionnaires, quizzes and role plays are all useful. . Then they try to answer the questions. Click here for the Controversial Topics 3 PDF file. 3. 1 Working from home vocabulary ( with audio and answers) Working from home uses some a fairly specific and often repeated set of words. So you'd have to say, I don't like making decisions. Updated 25th November 2022. Brainstorming social issues. They are having a short break. 3 kinds of exercises for teaching transitions. There are no ads in the newsletter and you will receive entertaining, ESL Speaking Activities. Students try to match the Easter speaking ac. She is doing housework/She is freaking out. Then they can discuss each picture using the questions at the bottom of the page as a guide. Students listen to the audio and try to match the vocabulary with the appropriate pictures. Click here for the Talking about games PDF file. 1 Writing topic sentences for process essays (with possible answers) This exercise helps students learn how to write topic sentences for process essays. Then they can discuss their ideas using the questions at the bottom of the page. Explain to the students that they are to write a sentence Elementary ESL classroom icebreakers. They have to be designed so they are easy to explain and understand. Students look at the Shopping online listening, speaking and vocabulary; Import/export, logistics and supply chain exercises; Create a conversation; Using comparative adjectives; Gerunds and Infinitives Grammar, Speaking and Listening Activities 4 Controversial topics. This exercises focuses on the two ways in which phrasal verbs can be used (Eg. However, there are lots of materials and techniques available to make this task less onerous. 1 Bargaining This is a lesson 6 Cracking Complaints and Annoyances Language and Speaking Activities 1 Calling to complain (gap fill and answers) This is a "calling to complain"telephoning language exercise to help English language learners practice expressions and phrases used in everyday phone conversations. Related Resources. Elementary Lesson Topics for English Language Learners Popular elementary lesson topics for English language students generally focus on areas such as family, home life, routines, interests, food, sport, travel, the body and appearance. 4 Advertising survey and speaking lesson This is an ESL speaking and writing lesson for talking about advertising. (audio and video mp4) Aspects of Nouns Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. A. Working from vocabulary (PDF) Jul 1, 2024 · Write a Conversation Exercises for Speaking and Listening Classes. Follow the instructions on page 2 of the PDF. Here are some of my likes and dislikes. 10 cause/effect writing activities. 6. Through a combination of pictures, engaging listening exercises, dynamic speaking activities, captivating videos, and stimulating fill-in-the-blank exercises, students will not only improve their language proficiency, but Describing Places Language Exercises Vocabulary, speaking and discussion exercises for talking about and describing cities, neighborhoods, houses and homes. 4 Money and Finance Worksheets Viruses and Vaccines Vocabulary and Speaking Lessons The news around the recent coronavirus includes a lot of vocabulary commonly used in discussions of epidemics. 12 Great Icebreakers to Start a Class Ok everyone. And my othere likes. 2. Jan 20, 2024 · 6 Body language and gestures 3 vocabulary exercise (with answers) The exercise below is for introducing and exploring body language and gestures vocabulary. Activities for elementary ESL classes often include: greetings and introductions. Lessons can look at different kinds of architecture and housing, landmarks around the world and also attitudes to art. As a consequence, if a teacher has good materials and teaching techniques, students are very receptive to this topic. There are no ads eslflow. These topics are fairly easy to talk about with rudimentary language skills. getting to know you speaking exercises. It can be used as an icebreaker, for drills, or as an initiator of free conversation. There are some examples of questions on the first page of the PDF. This is an elementary ESL speaking exercise for talking about success and how to be successful. Here, we explore important topics such as understanding diverse types of transportation, giving and receiving directions, and navigating the practical language associated with getting around in English-speaking environments Celebrations & Festivals lesson This is an ESL speaking and writing lesson for practicing basic language for talking about celebrations and festivals. Advanced classroom language. It can also be a listening activity. ESL Listening Activities Guide. Elementary Conversational Expressions and Listening/speaking Exercises. more advanced debate activities about 6 Gerunds and Infinitives Grammar, Speaking and Listening Activities 1 Basic gerunds for likes/dislikes (answers and audio) Basic gerunds vocabulary and listening/speaking exercise for talking about likes and dislikes. vi. 8 Daily routine or “a day in the life” of a celebrity 1. How did you break it ? It’s a great speaking topic and a great essay topic. This is a second discussion worksheet for talking about controversial topics. Stories can be used in many ways as teaching aids. This is an introductory vocabulary worksheet for English language presemtations. Telephoning. 6 ESL Exercises and Worksheets for Talking about Cities Subscribe to Eslflow Subscribe to get full access to complete exercises with answers. Personality surveys. This is an English language exercise exploring the language and vocabulary of social. sing karaoke visit waterfalls attend concerts play billiards go to exhibitions or festivals go 3 bowling go to beauty salons buy bakery treats play games attend concerts. 4. This is an English language exercise for students to try to talk about. Teaching grammar can be a tedious task for both teachers and students. 1 Describing a businessman (with answers) This is an ESL exercise for practicing the use of adjectives that might Transportation and Getting Around Exercises and Worksheets This page focuses on transportation-related communication skills for English as a second language (ESL) learners. Students can try and complete the dialogues and then listen to Comparing People Speaking and Writing Comparing people A speaking and writing exercise to practice language used for comparisons. At a more advanced level it becomes more difficult and students have to understand that some verbs may be used differently depending on the Amazing Adverbs Listening/Speaking Exercises Adverbs are quite fun to teach with photos that convey meaning and context. 10 Super Essential Academic Vocabulary Lessons. Over the years, I have put together some of my favorite grammar teaching exercises. Descriptive sentences 2018. They are having a meeting/He is yawning. 1 Idioms May 27, 2024 · 12. This is an English language exercise introducing and practicing the language and vocabulary of health problems and illnesses. 8. 9. Students try to complete the expressions and phrases used in each picture. Common phrasal verbs 2 (PDF) Common phrasal verbs 2. issues. Some of the worksheets below use pictures that help explain the context or meaning of the language they are illustrating. GHOSTS -Past tense speaking game for groups (see activity 6) Adjective Gallery: a fun exercise for the ESL classroom. Wishes speaking activity 1 Wishes sentence writing practice This Critical Thinking Exercises: VR is a rapidly evolving field with many facets to consider. Jun 24, 2024 · This is an ESL listening/vocabulary exercise to introduce students to the past tense. Additionally, there are collective nouns, countable and uncountable nouns, compound nouns, and possessive nouns. May 21, 2024 · This is an English language listening/speaking exercise focusing on verbs for food preparation and cooking. 8 Invitation and Request Dialogues for Everyday Scenarios. December 19th 2023. Business English Vocabulary Exercises. This is an ESL speaking and vocabulary lesson for talking about love and romance. This depends on your lesson focus. 1. Put students in pairs, or you could also carry this one out in a one-one lesson. Critical thinking exercises will challenge students to form well-informed views on topics such as the possible uses of VR or its potential impacts on users. This is a speaking exercise for English language learners to discuss their wishes. Clothes, accessories and fashion choices survey and speaking lesson. Dictate the list of nouns and at the same time elicit the corect prepostions for these nouns. Teaching activities might include: shopping role plays, dialogues about shopping experiences, and exercises matching shopping vocabulary words with pictures or definitions. 7 Present ContinuousListening/Speaking Exercises and Worksheets At a basic level the present continuous or progressive tense is fairly easy to teach. Students match the vocabulary to the pictures. Body language and gestures vocabulary (PDF) 3 Replies to “Getting-things-done-causative-verbs-worksheet”. Click on the image below or the link . 5 First Day Activities for an ESL Class. Comparative adjectives. Create-a-conversation worksheets help students practice new vocabulary, build speaking skills and develop confidence using a second language. speaking and vocabulary activity exploring the language of online shopping. First, students write five survey questions about fashion choices. 10 Really! Elementary ESL classroom icebreakers Practical Process Essay and Writing Exercises Brainstorming, outlining and exercises help students to order processes in a logical format and introduce students to process paragraph and essay writing. And recently, with the availability of large image libraries it Jun 30, 2024 · This is another listening/speaking worksheet for common phrasal verbs. Often, ESL reading activities involve answering questions after the text has been read. Students listen to the audio and match 5 First Day Activities for an ESL Class. Students match phrases to pictures as the teacher dictates past tense phrases using sentences to give context. This exercise is a great icebreaker or introductory exercise for a discussion about crime and illegal activities. 5 Kinds of Collocation and Phrasal Verb Exercises. These can include: Positive/negative adjective sorting. Shopping online listening, speaking and vocabulary; Import/export, logistics and supply chain exercises; Create a conversation; Using comparative adjectives; Gerunds and Infinitives Grammar, Speaking and Listening Activities First, students write short sentences using the vocabulary below the pictures or their own ideas. Controversial Topics 3. 7. And, if you subscribe, you will be supporting the eslflow website. wd pn li il gi dv zp vo ec ot